12 10 112 http://cehresearch.org/norfishplatform/files/original/60744df31534906c5d499703c7eec5fa.jpg 5532771172e66e59c5abef6572ed380a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cartographical Perspectives on the Evolution of Newfoundland's Grand Banks Fisheries in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries Subject The topic of the resource Maps charting the evolution of Newfoundland's Grand Banks Fisheries in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries. Description An account of the resource At the turn of the sixteenth century John Cabot and his successors discovered abundant fish stocks in the waters around Newfoundland. Through the subsequent two centuries, British, French, and Iberian fisheries developed in the Grand Banks region which had a transformative and globalising impact on commerce and inter-state politics across the North Atlantic. Contemporaneous maps of the period provide another strand of evidence that supplement our knowledge of these fisheries. We emphasise how select cartography of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries rendered significant mutations and innovations in how such fisheries and adjacent waters were represented in physical and changing political contexts. We proceed to argue that a crucial innovation was the evolution of hydrographical indicators in maps of notable aesthetic appeal that would have had significant influence. We also demonstrate that more refined and accurate delineations of the Grand Banks shadowed the development of fishing activities that encompassed both Newfoundland's nearshore as well as the Grand Banks themselves. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The North Atlantic Fish Revolution - An Environmental History of the North Atlantic 1400-1700 (NorFish) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Relation A related resource cehresearch.org/norfish.html Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kieran Rankin, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A chart of the coasts of Newfoundland, with the fishing districts marked Subject The topic of the resource "by Augustine Fitzhughe, living next doare to the Shipp in Virgine Street, anno 1693" Description An account of the resource The growing intensity of political rivalry concerning fisheries was epitomised in this heavily detailed manuscript map of 1693. Not a great deal is known about its maker, Augustine Fitzhugh, but it has been established that he had served as an apprentice to John Thornton who was renowned for The English Pilot series of maps and thus probably well versed in distinguishing features such as anchorages, soundings, and navigational hazards. Indeed, the utility and stylistics of the map accord with what has been identified as the Thames School of cartography. Adorned by two elaborate compass-roses it adapts some portolan style features, in that the more important place names of towns, or hazards, are written in red in contrast to more minor place-names in black. While depicting navigational information and explicitly indicative of the economic significance of the Grand Banks fisheries, this chart politicizes the fishery by differentiating the French and English fishing fleets. It contrasts the French fleet on the Grand Banks with English boats fishing closer to shore - thus supporting the contention that the English fishery was more of an inshore industry than one based on the actual banks - and at the same time implying a perceived imminent threat posed by French interests to England's fisheries. A legend 'The English Fishing Boats' stretches between two flags ('The King's Colours' or Great Union Flag) that extends from Cape Race to the Bay of Foggs. This has the effect of enclosing a tightly compacted fleet of boats, mostly comprised of small fishing craft, variably double or treble crewed and with nets being cast. Similarly, the shore is inscribed with toponyms with the Avalon peninsula edged in pink that continues northward to the Bay of Foggs. Smaller British flags punctuate the eastern shore alongside established harbours that are also separately shown in insets at the top and bottom of the entire map. In close attendance are two large naval vessels with red ensigns. Shore-based crews had to row as much as three or four miles daily, mooring their vessels as much as a half-mile offshore in water to forty fathoms deep. The stretch from the Avalon peninsula to Trinity Bay is rendered fairly accurately and tightly inscribed with place names, reflecting the coast with which the English would have been most familiar. All of the banks depicted are shown in a dark yellow hue with the sections further from shore more differentiated in a lighter texture. Only 'The Maine Banck' and 'The False Banck' are actually named with the former containing 'Dry' areas to indicate shallower patches. Most of the banks are connected together to give a pincer appearance around the southern and eastern shores of Newfoundland effectively enveloping the English fishing fleet. The effect is amplified by the looser but more extensive formation of vessels accompanied by two inscriptions of the legend 'French Fishing Boats'. The vast majority of French boats are proportionally larger and asymmetrical in construction than their 'English' counterparts as well as more frequently indicated to be single crewed or not crewed at all. Only occasional depictions of marine biota in the Banks are shown but they are difficult to identify with precision. The only clear illustration of fish are a pair of flatfish stylised to flank the scale cartouche. While the banks are interspersed with numeric soundings, none are given for the inshore Newfoundland fisheries bar in the harbour insets for Ferryland, St John's, Harbour Grace, and the Bay of Bulls, that also illustrate pilot guides to anchorage and fortifications flying the British flag. In the case of Ferryland, renderings of built settlement can be observed. While containing a great deal of data, the map provides a fascinating snapshot in vividly juxtaposing the English and French fishing fleets during the time of King William's War (the North American theatre of the Nine Years' War (1688-97) - the first of a series of conflicts England and France waged until the late eighteenth century). The foreboding impression of the map was indeed realised in 1696 when the French sacked the English settlements of the Avalon peninsula. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustine Fitzhughe Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Trinity College Dublin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1693 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Dr Kieran Rankin Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Relation A related resource British Library Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Map http://cehresearch.org/norfishplatform/files/original/a79663e25fed1336e4c36c9a59363b6d.png 795c7bc0e0e692afdf0270e07a747dd8 http://cehresearch.org/norfishplatform/files/original/a1d690fe4caa00f1692071381638c9a4.JPG a1cb3f1b0b3d560e3cd19753079d62c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cartographical Perspectives on the Evolution of Newfoundland's Grand Banks Fisheries in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries Subject The topic of the resource Maps charting the evolution of Newfoundland's Grand Banks Fisheries in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries. Description An account of the resource At the turn of the sixteenth century John Cabot and his successors discovered abundant fish stocks in the waters around Newfoundland. Through the subsequent two centuries, British, French, and Iberian fisheries developed in the Grand Banks region which had a transformative and globalising impact on commerce and inter-state politics across the North Atlantic. Contemporaneous maps of the period provide another strand of evidence that supplement our knowledge of these fisheries. We emphasise how select cartography of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries rendered significant mutations and innovations in how such fisheries and adjacent waters were represented in physical and changing political contexts. We proceed to argue that a crucial innovation was the evolution of hydrographical indicators in maps of notable aesthetic appeal that would have had significant influence. We also demonstrate that more refined and accurate delineations of the Grand Banks shadowed the development of fishing activities that encompassed both Newfoundland's nearshore as well as the Grand Banks themselves. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The North Atlantic Fish Revolution - An Environmental History of the North Atlantic 1400-1700 (NorFish) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Relation A related resource cehresearch.org/norfish.html Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kieran Rankin, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carta particolare della terra nuoua con la Gran Baia et il Fiume Grande della Canida Subject The topic of the resource A specialised technical map of the Newfoundland region was produced by Robert Dudley in Florence as part of his c.150 marine chart atlas - Dell'Arcano del Mare [Secrets of the Sea] - a title acknowledging that cartographical details were regarded as trade secrets. Description An account of the resource This particular map has been termed 'one of the most important maps of the region ever produced.' Its status is more remarkable given the decades-long dominance of the Dutch sea atlases, the quality of its production (over 12 years in preparation as claimed in the atlas preface), and that it pioneered the inclusion of non-European dedicated sea charts. The entire atlas heralded an advance on previous work as it contained more coverage of the world, adhered to Mercator's ground breaking projection with an intersecting graticule indicating latitude and longitude - thereby indicating the shortest distance between two points on the world. Its technical utility extended to denote information (with resort to the ornate baroque italic calligraphy supplied by the engraver Antonio Francesco Lucini) as to currents, prevailing winds, magnetic deviation as well as quantified soundings (another crucial innovation). Yet, despite its undoubted utilitarian purpose, it has been opined that the atlas' promotion by its dedicatee, Grand Duke Ferdinand II of Tuscany, was politically motivated so as to award it as a gift to his foreign counterparts. Several banks and sand bars are rendered on the map, each delimited by double dotted lines. The Grand Bank itself is a large winged expanse tapered by northern and southern flanks indented by semicircles, one of which contains crosses that accord with the Virgin Rocks hazard and perforated by smaller doubled dotted lines indicating uneven and shallower depths. In contrast to Champlain's rendering, the Grand Bank curves in a gentle arc eastward from Newfoundland. There are numeric fathom soundings as liberally shown elsewhere on what amount to a submerged chainof plateaus. There are stylised inscriptions such as 'Corrente Verso Maestrale' [Current to the [northwest] mistral [wind]] - (probably indicative of the Labrador current) ; 'L'Venti Sono spesso verso Ponente' [The winds are often westerly] ; 'laria fredda e asciutta [The cold and dry air]; 'Seccangna Lunga'[Long Bank]; and, 'La Gran Banca o Seccagna di Terra Nuova dove si pescano li merluzi' [The Grand Bank of Newfoundland where cod is caught]. Although known for heavily inscribing the coasts with nomenclature, Dudley was liable to fill otherwise empty space with different versions of the same name - e.g. 'G. di Bacalao' and 'B. di Bacalao' in addition to 'I. Bacalao' - with the suspicion that they were inserted to balance the map's appearance but this example uses more nomenclature than his other maps, especially on Newfoundland's western flank. The nomenclature frequently compounds Italianized English and French names. However, given the maritime emphasis, this is at the expense of showing much in the way of settlements. There are a few geographical curiosities on the map such as the pronounced exaggeration of Avalon peninsula compared with the rest of Newfoundland which appears to derive from charts of the Atlantic which Dudley probably accessed at his Florence base. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Dudley Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Trinity College Dublin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1647/8 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Dr Kieran Rankin Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Relation A related resource http://www.leventhalmap.org/id/17602 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Map Language A language of the resource Italian Type The nature or genre of the resource Map 1647 Cartography Dudley Florence Kieran Rankin Map Robert Dudley